Variables of interest | Presence of DR n = 71 n (%) | Absence of DR n = 128 n (%) | P-value |
Vitamin D deficiency | 65 (91.5) | 88 (68.2) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin E deficiency | 70 (98.6) | 91 (70.5) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin C deficiency | 62 (87.3) | 76 (58.9) | <0.0001 |
Elevated SOD | 46 (64.8) | 39 (30.2) | <0.0001 |
Elevated 8-OHdG | 62 (87.3) | 60 (46.5) | <0.0001 |
Elevated 8-Isoprostane | 62 (87.3) | 52 (42.6) | 0.0001 |
Insulin resistance (IR) | 49 (69) | 35 (27.1) | <0.0001 |
Elevated ApoB | 52 (73.2) | 64 (49.6) | <0.001 |
HDL-C (low) | 31 (43.7) | 64 (49.6) | 0.420 |
Albumin (low level) | 48 (67.6) | 71 (51) | 0.056 |
Elevated TBARS | 65 (91.5) | 79 (61.2) | <0.0001 |
10-year Framingham risk | <0.0001 | ||
≥10% | 53 (74.6) | 25 (19.4) | |
<10% | 18 (25.4) | 25 (80.6) |